Unit Seven

Western Civilization

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION_1wb

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:

1. ECONOMIC GROWTH: How has the evolution of Economic Systems, as well as

technological developments, impacted world civilization?

2. THE ARTS: How do the Arts reflect the evolution of Western Culture?

3. SOCIAL ADVANCEMENTS: How has the growth and evolution of Social Classes?

influenced world civilization?

OVERVIEW:

The term “transformed” is often misused. The dictionary defines the word to mean, “a change in form, appearance or structure, a metamorphose.” This phrase is also an apt phrase to describe the overall effects of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, because Europe was truly transformed by the Industrial Revolution. This unit will first look at the political and cultural events that set the stage and were a consequence of this change. This era has come to be called the Victorian Epoch. Then we shall look at the Agricultural Revolution, which preceded and prepared Europe for the whole industrial process. Finally we will then use the English city of Manchester as an example of how and why industrialism came about. Again using Manchester, we will trace the stages of industrialism and then look at the consequences of the Industrial Revolution.

The Victorian Epoch or Age, roughly the time between her rise to power in 1837, and her death in 1901, was more than the life and times of Queen Victoria and her family. The political developments of this age follow chronologically and thematically those of the previous unit on the rise of Parliamentary democracy. A whole new industrial society was founded around many of the values that Victoria was to hold sacred: family, order, work. Furthermore, these years saw the Romantic Movement blossom. In the first few days of this unit we shall look at both of these developments.

As you remember from 10^th grade, the term industrial is synonymous with mass production. Furthermore it was called a revolution not because of the speed of the process but because the changes it brought about were so profound. All of this began not in the factories of England but on the farms and country-side of England in the late 1600’s, early 1700’s. The owners of the English farms, gentlemen farmers not peasants or working people, were looking for ways to improve the productivity, that is, the output of their farms. They experimented with new ways of increasing production. Sometimes this meant using machines, sometimes it meant using new techniques for planting and harvesting. Sometimes it meant new varieties of crops, feeds and even animals. All of these changes resulted in the increased production of the farms of England. This had a two fold impact on the country: 1) Fewer farmers could produce more, so surplus farmers went to the cities to find work. Some of these workers eventually found employment in the new factories that were emerging all over England. 2) More productivity, meant more food. More and more people could rely on the money they made from their industrial jobs to pay for the food they now purchased instead of growing.

As more and more people moved to the city, England went from an agricultural to an urban country. England was the first country in the western world where more people lived in cities than lived on its farms. In the cities, many factories provided employment for the new workers. The first industries were usually in the area of cloth manufacturing. Everybody needed clothes so it was easy to supply clothes for this growing demand. But this increase in demands did not stop with clothes. Soon more and more products began to become in demand: steel to build bridges and railroads to carry the clothes to market. A group of men called entrepreneurs began to emerge to provide the people with what they desired. Soon they learned that the more they could produce of these products the cheaper they could be priced and the more sold. This was the idea behind the concept of productivity, which would soon become the driving force for the new industrial age.

There would be a social and physical cost to all of this. Production of goods, and factories all produced excesses or what we have come to call pollution. The production of steel, for example, was a dirty, dangerous process. Many of these costs were passed on to our environment. Diseases and overcrowding all produced their own dangers. We are still toiling with how to deal with these problems today!!

CONTENT QUESTIONS:

1. How did Queen Victoria reflect her era?

2. What were the reforms Disraeli and Gladstone brought to England?

3. How did the Neo-classical and Romantic movement reflect the era?

4. What was the Agricultural Revolution?

5. What were the major causes of the Industrial Revolution?

6. What were the major the stages of the Industrial Revolution?

7. How did England industrialize?

8. What were the major results of the Industrial Revolution?

KEY TERMS:

Mass Production Industrialization

Enclosure Acts Neo-Gothic

Neo-Classical Romanticism

James Watt George Stephenson

Richard Stephenson Cotton manufacturing

Spinning Jenny Power Loom

Steam Engine Easter Rising

Traditional Economy Genteel Society

Agricultural Revolution Cottage (Putting-out) System

Fodder Crops Capital

Luddites “Rocket”

Entrepreneurs Zollverein

John Kay Flying Shuttle

David Ricardo Jeremy Bentham

John Stuart Mill Germaine de Staël

Manchester Impressionists

Robert Peel Benjamin Disraeli

William Gladstone Queen Victoria

Prince Albert “Oath of The Horatii”

Great Reform Act of 1832 Flying Shuttle

Second Reform Bill Third Reform Bill

W. W. Rostow Jacques Louis David

Caspar David Friedrich Victor Hugo

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig Beethoven

“Rigoletto” Giuseppe Verdi

Andrea Palladio Productivity

Richard Arkwright Free Trade

“Irish Problem” Home Rule

Charles Parnell Daniel O’Connell

Victorian Epoch Peterloo Massacre

Locomotive Great Exhibition/Crystal Palace

Whigs Tories

Conservative Party Liberal Party

Eugene Delacroix “Take-off”

Gospel of Work Bourgeois

TIME LINE:

1701 Jethro Tull invents the seed drill freeing agricultural labor and lowering crop prices.

1709 Abraham Darby introduces coke smelting (replacing wood and charcoal) at his ironworks.

1712 Thomas Newcomen develops first workable steam engine for pumping water out coalmines.

1713 George I, first Hanoverian king.

1721 Robert Walpole, becomes first Prime Minister.

1733 John Kay invents the Flying Shuttle greatly accelerating the weaving process and beginning

the mechanization of the textile industry.

1759 The first Canal Act is passed by the British Parliament leading to the construction of a

nation-wide network of canals for the transport of industrial supplies and finished goods.

1763 James Hargreaves invents the "Spinning Jenny" greatly accelerating the weaving process.

1765 James Watt introduces improvements to the Newcomen steam engine.

1769 Richard Arkwright patents the Water Frame bringing waterpower to the textile industry. Edward I summons Model Parliament.

1770 Beethoven born in Bonn Germany.

1775 James Watt produces the first reliable, efficient steam engine.

1779 Samuel Crompton invents the "Spinning Mule" combining Hargreaves' Spinning Jenny

with Arkwright's water frame fully mechanizing the weaving process.

1784 Henry Cort patents the puddling process for iron production.

Jacques Louis David paints “Oath of The Horatii.”

1785 Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom begins the first true mechanization of the

textile industry.

1786 Richard Arkwright introduces a Watt steam engine to power his cotton mill in London.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Le Nozze di Figaro.

1793 Jacques Louis David paints “Marat”.

1801 England’s population reaches 9 million people.

1805 Beethoven first performs Eroica symphony(Third Symphony).

1811-16 Luddites stage widespread protests in Britain against low pay and unemployment by storming

factories and destroying machinery.

1819 Peterloo Massacre

1823 Daniel O'Connell's Catholic Association, for Catholic emancipation, was formed.

1825 The first regular railway service opens between Stockton and Darlington in England.

1829 George Stephenson, with his locomotive Rocket, provides the first passenger and freight

steam locomotive service between Manchester and Liverpool.

Catholic Emancipation Act passed at Westminster

1831 Victor Hugo, Notre Dame of Paris.

1832 The Great Reform Act of 1832 doubles electorate in England and gives representation

to new industrial cities. Control of the House of Commons passes to industrial middle class. Charles dissolves Parliament.

1833 The first Factory Act is passed by Parliament regulating child labor in cotton mills.

Abolition of Colonial Slavery.

1834 New Poor Law establishes work houses for the poor.

Parliament building destroyed by fire.

Robert Peel becomes Prime Minister.

1837 Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist.

Victoria becomes Queen.

Founding of Chartism to promote political reform

1838 Louis Daguerre perfects the Daguerreotype, the first practical photography.

Founding of the Anti-Corn Law League to promote Fee Trade.

1840 The Penny Post, Britain’s first postal service, introduced.

1845 The Great Famine in Ireland begins.

1846 Corn Law repealed.

1850 England’s population reaches 18 million people.

1851 All England celebrates its industrial achievements at Great Exhibition/Crystal Palace.

Giuseppe Verdi’s “Rigoletto,” first performed.

1856 Henry Bessemer’s steel converter.

1862 Victor Hugo publishes "Les Misérables"

1663 Opening of the London Underground

1867 Second Reform Bill passes.

1868 Benjamin Disraeli becomes Prime Minister for first time.

William Gladstone becomes Prime Minister for first time.

1870 Free compulsory education established.

1872 Secret Ballot introduced.

1874 Disraeli becomes prime minister for the second time.

1880 Gladstone became Prime Minister for the second time.

1884 Third Reform bill passes.

1886 Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz develop the first automobile powered by the

internal combustion engine in Stuttgart, Germany.

Gladstone became Prime Minister for the third time.

First Home Rule Bill was defeated in the House of Commons.

Eiffel Tower completed in Paris, the world's tallest structure until 1930.

1893 Second Home Rule Bill. Bill rejected by House of Lords.

1900 England’s population reaches 37 million people.

1916 Easter Rising in Dublin.

1920 Government of Ireland Act 1920 allowed for the creation of two self-governing units one

based on six counties of north-east Ireland (Northern Ireland) the other based on the

remaining 28 counties.

SOURCES FOR FURTHER RESEARCH:

A. Bibliography:

Ashton, T. S. The Industrial Revolution. (1948).

Brown, David Blaney. Romanticism. (2001).

Bracegirdle, B. et al., The Archaeology of the Industrial Revolution. (1973).

Connolly, S. J. ,ed. The Oxford Companion to Irish History. (1998).

Daunton, M. J. Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1700-

1850. (1995)

Dietz, F. C. The Industrial Revolution. (1927, repr. 1973).

Farnie, D. A. The English Cotton Industry and the World Market, 1815-96. (1979).

Fitton, S. The Arkwrights: Spinners of Fortune. (1989).

Furst, Lillian. The Romantic Perspective. (1969).

Hartwell, R. M. The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth. (1971).

Heilbroner, R. The Worldly Philosophers. (1961).

Henderson, W. O. The Industrialization of Europe, 1780–1914. (1969).

Hobsbawm, E. J. Age of Revolution. (1962).

Hudson, Pat. The Industrial Revolution. (1992).

Irwin, David. Neoclassicism. (1997).

Mathias, Peter. The First Industrial Nation. (1969, 2nd ed., 1983).

Mellor, Anne. Romanticism and Gender. (1993).

Osborne, J. W. The Silent Revolution: The Industrial Revolution in England as

a Source of Cultural Change. (1970).

Overton , Mark. Agricultural Revolution in England 1500 – 1850. (1996).

Rostow, W. W. Stages of Economic Growth. (1963).

Stearns, P. N. The Impact of the Industrial Revolution. (1972).

Thompson, E.P. The Making of the English Working Class. (1963).

Turner, M. Enclosures in Britain, 1750-1830. (1984).

B. Web Sites:

Industrial Revolution - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution

Women and the Industrial revolution - http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/lesson7.html

UHN Resources - http://www.uhslmc.org/Resources%20Students/Resources-industrial_revolution.htm

Professor Rempel - http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/industrialrev.html

Enlightenment & IR- http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/industrialrev.html

Life during the IR - http://www.umbc.edu/history/CHE/techerpages/indrev.html

Agricultural Revolution - http://www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-820804-9.pdf

Agricultural Revolution –

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/society_culture/industrialisation/agricultural_revolution_01.shtml

Age of Industry - http://history.evansville.net/industry.html

Romantic Chronology - http://english.ucsb.edu:591/rchrono/

British Romantic Bibliography - http://faculty.washington.edu/nh2/biblio.html

Industrial Revolution - http://www.arps.org/USERS/ms/dubockD/ssindustrev.htm