Unit Eight

Western Civilization

PAX BRITANNICA_2Wb

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:

1. ECONOMIC GROWTH: How has the evolution of Economic Systems, as well as

technological developments, impacted world civilization?

2. GROWTH OF THE NATION-STATE: How has the rise of the Nation as a political, economic,

social and cultural institution, influenced world events?

3. SOCIAL ADVANCEMENTS: How has the growth and evolution of Social Classes?

influenced world civilization?

OVERVIEW:

The years 1815 to 1914 saw Europe experience one of the greatest periods of peace in its history. Although there were a number of “small” local wars like the Franco-Prussian War, or the Crimean War, no major war impacted Europe from the close of the Napoleonic Wars to the opening of the First World War. Hence historians have named the period the “Pax Britannica”, the peace of Britain, to draw an analogy to the Pax Romana, the peace of Rome. But although the period had no major wars it was a period full of activity and preparation. Some have called it the Age of Percolation, because the influences of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution were diffusioning through out the world. This unit will trace that impact while it looks at other important events of the nineteenth century.

The French Revolution had a profound impact on Europe and the rest of the World. From 1815, the end of Napoleon's reign, until 1914, the outbreak of the First World War, the World struggled with the ideas and passions that the French Revolution had unleashed. The politics of France became the politics of first Europe and then the World. People came to see the French Revolution in a number of ways. Some defended it changes, some came to see it as the work of the devil. One way to visualize this period is to call it the Age of Ideologies as the attitudes coalesce into four major political ideologies: conservatism, liberalism, socialism, and reactionary. Others have called for a fifth ideology, that of the popularly elected dictator.

The Industrial Revolution also produced a new set of values and changes that upset the status quo. Defenders of the process fought with those who wanted the old order maintained. Though opponents varied in their responses more than the defenders both felt strongly about their position. Some of the opponents felt the whole industrial process was evil and should be stopped. Others were more moderate in their opposition and varied in their solutions. Still others saw it as the dawning of a new and more destructive age, which threatened, all that they held sacred. These positions often combine with those of the political ideologies we introduced in the previous paragraph

The influences of these two revolutions were not confined to politics. The very social, religious, economic, and cultural fabric of Europe and then the World was touched by these revolutions. No aspect of society was untouched.

CONTENT QUESTIONS:

1. What were the principal territorial arrangements adopted at the Congress of Vienna?

Which comes under the title of Legitimacy, Compensation, and Guarantees?

2. How would you define the following “isms:” Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism, and

Reactionary?

3. What were some of the major events in Europe between 1815 and 1914?

4. What is Nationalism?

5. What caused the Revolutions of 1848?

6. How was German unification achieved in 1871?

7. What caused the "New Imperialism"?

KEY TERMS:

Liberalism Conservatism

Socialism Reactionary

Communism Nationalism

Congress of Vienna Revolutions of 1848

Otto von Bismarck Realpolitik

German Unification Italian Unification

Metternich Holy Alliance

Louis XVIII Louis Philippe

July Monarchy Chartism

Second French Republic Second Empire

Third French Republic Zionism

Francois Guizot Count Talleyrand

Syllabus of Errors Zollverein

Communist Manifest Karl Marx

Friedrich Engles Giussepe Garibaldi

Camillo Cavour Giussepe Mazzini

Napoleon III Crimean war

Junker North German Confederation

Franco-Prussian War Ems Telegram

Seven Weeks War Battle of Sedan

Nicholas I Nicholas II

Alexander II Alexander III

Russo-Japanese War Revolution of 1905

Dreyfus Affair Boulanger Affair

Risorgimento EdmundBurke

Legitimacy Decembrists

Compensation Guarantees

Emancipation of the Serfs Charles Maurras

New Imperialism Age of Percolation

Ideology Anti-clerical

Alfred Dreyfus Paris Commune

Kulturkampf Anarchism

Charles Darwin Sigmund Freud

Emmeline Pankhurst NewPhysics MikhailBakunin Robert Owens

Carlesbad Decrees JeremeyBentham

Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationalism

TIME LINE:

1810-25 Most Latin American nations win independence from Spain

1814 German Confederation created at Congress of Vienna to replace Holy Roman Empire.

1815 Congress of Vienna ends.

1819 Zollverein [German Customs Union] founded to encourage trade.

1821 Greece declares its independence.

1824 Charles X succeeds his brother Louis XVIII.

1825 Decembrists uprising in Russia.

Reign of Nicholas I Romanov begins.

1826 European troops aid Greek Independence movement.

1830 Charles X abdicates throne of France

1830-1914 Partitioning of Africa

1832 The Great Reform Act of 1832 in England.

The first Factory Act is passed by Parliament regulating child labor in cotton mills.

Death of the Duke of Reichstadt, aka Napoleon II.

1833 Great powers name Otto, a Bavarian prince, as first king of an independent Greece.

1837 Victoria becomes Queen.

1848 Revolutions in France, Austria, Italy and Prussia

The National Assembly in Frankfurt.

Communist Manifesto published

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected president of Second French Republic

1852 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor as Napoleon III

1853-6 Crimean War

1855 Reign of Alexander II Romanov begins.

1857 Sepoy rebellion in India.

1859 French Company begins digging Suez Canal.

1861 Emancipation of the serfs in Russia by Alexander II.

1862 Otto von Bismarck appointed Prussian Prime Minister by Wilhelm I

1864 Prussia goes to war with Denmark, with Austria and other German states as allies.

1866 Seven Weeks' War.

1867 Austria conceded autonomy to Hungary-Austria-Hungary [the Dual Monarchy] is born.

1868 Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz develop the first automobile powered by the

internal combustion engine in Stuttgart, Germany.

Diamonds found in south Africa.

1869 Suez Canal opens.

1870 Franco-Prussian War.

Revolution breaks out in France; Napoleon III flees France: Third Republic declared.

Paris Commune

German Empire proclaimed with Wilhelm I as German Emperor.

1871 New German Constitution, a universal male suffrage.

Charles Darwin publishes The Descent of Man.

1875 British company buys bankrupt Suez Canal

1881 Assassination of Alexander II. Reign of Alexander III Romanov begins

1889 Eiffel Tower completed in Paris, the world's tallest

structure until 1930.

1894 Reign of Nicholas II Romanov begins

Alfred Dreyfus court marshaled for selling French secrets to Germany.

1895 Theodore Herzl writes The Jewish State, and spells out his version of Zionism.

1899 Sigmund Freud publishes Interpretation of Dreams

1904 Russo-Japanese War

1905 Revolution of 1905 in Russia

Black Sunday

1906 Dreyfus is exonerated by French Government

SOURCES FOR FURTHER RESEARCH:

A. Bibliography:

Artz, F. Reaction and Revolution,18l4-32.(1950).

Binkley, R. C. Realism and Nationalism, l852-7l.(1935).

Brogan, D. The Development of Modern France, 1870-1939. (1966)

Clyman, Toby and Judith Vowles. Russia Through Women’s Eyes: Autobiographies from

Tsarist Russia. (1999).

Cobban, Alfred. A History of Modern France. Volume 2: 1799-1871. (1965).

Hayes, Carlton J. H. A Generation of Materialism.(1941).

Hobsbawm, E. J. The Age of Revolution.(1962)

Howard, Michael. The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France, 1870-1. (1900).

May, Arthur J. The Age of Metternich 1814-1848. (1963).

Mouritson, Henrik. Italian Unification. (1998).

Pilbeam, Pamela M. Republicanism in Nineteenth-Century France, 1814-1871. (1995).

Pflanze, O. Bismarck and the Development of Germany. (1963).

Pinson, K.S. Modern Germany. (1966).

Price, Roger. The French Second Republic: A Social History. (1972).

Price, Roger. The Revolutions of 1848. (1988).

Radzinsky, Edward. The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II (1993).

Randall, J.H. The Making of the Modern Mind. (1940).

Robertson, Priscilla. Revolution of 1848: A Social History. (1952).

Sperber, Jonathan. The European Revolutions, 1848–1851. (1994).

Taylor, A. J. P. The Struggle for Mastery of Europe.(1954)

Tombs, Robert. France 1814-1914. (1996).

B. Web Sites:

Russia – http://www.russia-travel.com/

Tsarist Russia – http://www.questia.com/popularSearches/tsarist_russia.jsp

Russia - http://www-math.mit.edu/~igorvp/Russia/russia.html

Revolutions of 1848 - http://www.bham.ac.uk/1848/tabconts.htm

Revolutions of 1848 - http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook19.html

German Unification-http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/germanunif.html

German Unification - http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/2b.asp

Italian Unification - http://www.arcaini.com/ITALY/ItalyHistory/ItalianUnification.htm

Italian Unification - http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/xitaly.html

Nationalism - http://www.wisc.edu/nationalism/

Nationalism - http://web.inter.nl.net/users/Paul.Treanor/plana.html

France - http://history.hanover.edu/texts/fr1848.htm

France - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revolutions_of_1848_in_France

France - http://faculty.ucc.edu/egh-damerow/france.htm

France/Third Republic- http://flagspot.net/flags/fr_third.html

Dreyfus Affair - http://www.wfu.edu/~sinclair/dreyfus.htm

Otto von Bismarck - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck – http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571668/Otto_von_Bismarck.html

Napoleon III - http://www.xs4all.nl/~androom/biography/p004916.htm

Napoleon III - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III